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不同類型犯罪者犯罪思考型態之研究 本研究旨在探究犯罪者認知歷程中有關犯罪思考的關鍵癥結，並分析比較暴力犯罪與非暴力犯罪、以及累犯與初犯兩類受刑人的認知內容與型態之差異。本研究採用Walters(1990)犯罪生活型態理論所發展的「犯罪思考型態心理量表」作為訪談焦點，以六位暴力犯罪者、六位非暴力犯罪者為對象，進行半結構焦點訪談。研究資料以現象學內容分析法進行分析後，可歸納出對犯罪的想法，以及對自我的想法兩項共通的主題，反映出犯罪者的主要犯罪思考型態。累犯犯罪者較傾向於「過度樂觀」「情緒補償」和「認知怠惰」；暴力犯罪者則顯露出較強烈的「權力導向」傾向。累犯犯罪者具有相當典型的犯罪思考內容，一方面是條件不利、選擇偏差、認知扭曲等一系列惡性循環的結果，二方面更持續催化且助長其慣性犯罪行為，致使其深陷惡性循環的漩渦之中，不可自拔。暴力犯罪者易於因缺乏穩定的自我肯定感而導致更渴求權力的發現，顯示在犯罪矯正上亟需藉助深度的心理治療或健康的心理活動，致力於穩定犯罪者的自我肯定感，或引導其運用其他正向的方式來重建其脆弱的自我肯定，促使其不必一再地仰賴激烈的攻擊手段來獲取權力。本研究之成果，一方面可提供對犯罪受刑人犯罪心理的理解，另方面更可作為未來各監所為受刑人進行認知療法之參考，以針對受刑人之犯罪思考型態進行有效的矯治。 *本研究乃擷取由本人所主持之自行政院國家科學委員會專案研究計劃「暴力與非暴力受刑人犯罪思考之比較研究」報告（編號89-2413-H-194-011）。感謝研究助理朱儀羚在資料蒐集、整理、分析等研究工作上的協助。 A Comparative Study on Criminal Thinking Patterns Among Criminal Offenders This study is aimed to investigate criminal thinking patterns among criminal offenders, in order to understand how cognitive structures make impacts on offenders' criminal acts. Comparisons were made between violent and non-violent offenders, and between first-time and recidivist offenders. The Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles was administered to 12 criminal offenders, 6 violent and 6 non-violent, 6 first-time and 6 recidivist offenders, sampled from inmates incarcerated in Tainun correctional institution. Focused interviews were conducted soon after completing the inventory to elicit the inmates' own views on the statement of those items presenting in the inventory. Descriptive data collected in this study were then gone through phenomenological content analysis. The findings suggest that violent offenders show much more strong tendency in "power orientation" than non-violent offenders, and recidivist offenders are inclined to be more apparent in criminal thinking related to "superoptimism" , "sentimentality", and "cognitive indolence". The implications of this study can provide for correctional institutions to design cognitive-behavioral interventions, focused on correcting thinking errors or criminal thinking patterns, in order to treat offenders effectively. |