公司犯罪影響因素之實證研究*

孟維德
中央警察大學行政管理系暨研究所副教授

摘 要

        在國內有關犯罪的研究領域裡，有關「白領犯罪」（White Collar Crime）的系統性研究並不多見。然而近年來，台灣地區白領犯罪案件日益增多，尤其公司企業體所為之違法行為對台灣社會造成了極嚴重的損害，其中包括了人員的傷亡、巨額的經濟損失及嚴重的環境破壞。本研究的目的，即是針對白領犯罪類型中損害較嚴重的「公司犯罪」（Corporate Crime）進行原因的實證性探究。基於考量台灣地區公司企業組織為數眾多，經營能力與企業體質各有不同，不易找出一客觀標準。換言之，在單獨一個研究中對各類型公司犯罪同時進行探究，不僅研究困難度高，研究結果可能也較不切實際。因此，本研究採個案研究途徑，挑選國內一具代表性之公司犯罪案例（RCA污染事件）進行深入探討，並挑選另一無犯罪紀錄的公司進行對照比較研究，以發現公司犯罪的影響因子。本研究資料的蒐集與分析包括質化與量化方法，除分別抽選兩公司各八名中層管理人員及二十名基層員工進行深入訪談，並向RCA污染事件政府專案調查小組其中三名成員、三名與該事件有關的民間團體人士等人進行訪談。此外，本研究分別自兩公司抽選三百名員工施予問卷調查，並蒐集有關的次級資料和媒體報導資料。本研究的實證資料顯示：
一、 違法公司所遭遇的困境大於正常公司所遭遇者。
二、 違法公司的組織型態較趨於機械式的組織結構。
三、 違法公司的監控機制，效能不及於正常公司的監控機制。
四、 違法公司經理人員的自我控制低於正常公司經理人員的自我控制。
五、 公司犯罪主要源自公司內少數人的動機，違法過程中可能有多數人參與，但大部分的參與者是在不知情的情況下涉及違法活動。
六、 因公司犯罪而得利者，乃是公司中的少數成員，大多數員工反而因公司犯罪而遭受侵害。
綜合質化與量化資料分析的結果，本研究發現公司犯罪的主要影響因素為：
一、 政府管制失靈。
二、 公司缺乏自我管制。
三、 社會大眾對於公司犯罪缺乏足夠的認知與關切。
四、 過於機械性的公司組織結構。
五、 具低自我控制傾向的經理人員。
關鍵詞：公司犯罪、白領犯罪、環境犯罪、管制。

An Empirical Study on Causal Factors of Corporate Crime

Wei-Teh Mon, Ph.D.
Associate Professor 
Department of Public Administration and Policy
National Central Police University

Abstract

Street crimes are primary concern by most criminologists in Taiwan. In recent years, however, crimes committed by corporations have increased greatly in this country. The harm created by corporate crime includes tremendous economic and physical costs. Ironically, corporate crime did not attract enough academic attention in this country. This research is the first systematic empirical study concerning corporate crime in Taiwan. This study employs the empirical approach to collect data about causal factors of corporate crime. 
The research sample was selected from a corporation with criminal record and another corporation without criminal record (as a control group). The corporation with criminal record released toxic chemicals and caused hundreds of people, including employees and neighborhood residents, to develop cancer. Interviews were conducted to obtain the primary qualitative data. The main sample of interviews included 8 managers and 10 employees in each corporation, i.e. 16 managers and 20 employees. Some other related people were also included (members of some non-profit organizations). In addition to interviews, secondary data were collected from various official agencies, such as Taiwan Environment Protection Agency, Council of Labor Affairs, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Furthermore, this study also employed content analysis method to analyze the representation of both corporations in the main newspapers of Taiwan. Finally, the quantitative data were collected from a survey. The sample of survey was 300 employees randomly selected from each corporation. Thus totally 600 employees were randomly selected from both corporations. 
According to qualitative and quantitative data analysis, this research indicated the causal factors of corporate crime as:
1. the failure of government regulation;
2. the lack of self-regulation in corporation;
3. the lack of public concern about corporate crime;
4. the mechanistic structure of corporation; and
5. the low self-control tendency of corporation managers.

Keyword：Corporate Crime, White Collar Crime, Environmental Crime, Regulation.